Especially in ancient times, the natural features of a city and the land surrounding it were very important. If a city was near a river, it had a connection with other cities and allowed for much more trade and travel than if there were no river. In that way, rivers united people. However, deserts can do the opposite. If a city has a desert on one side, it is mostly protected from attack on that side, because any attackers from that side would have to cross the desert, which is difficult to do. That's how deserts can isolate cities and people, as well as serve as a sort of "shield" from attackers. Mountains can serve a similar role as a desert, because if a city is protected by mountains on one side, all attackers must cross the mountains to attack the city. When you take into account all the ways a the natural geography of an area of a city, it's no wonder that it's so hard to make a successful city.
Even nowadays, the Nile river is used for transport.
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